Biological Theory And Psychological Theory - 1260 Words

Now day’s murder becomes very common in all countries due to increased desires and due to increased competition. Unlawfully killing of one human by another especially with a desire to harm others and see others suffering from pain, these are planned or sometimes unplanned. Murder done by convict (Hashmukhial Mistry) because of depressed mind and family conflicts. This essay explains the application of biological theory in case of Hashmukhial Mistry killed his wife and his father before taking his own life. Biological theory is originated from Social trait theory, deviant trait theory and psychological theory. Biological theory of crime assumes that a person lead to criminal activities just because of their physical attributes. Physical characteristics are generally transferred from parents to children. If certain physical attributes which force a individual to do some criminal activities are transferred to child from their parents that make the child more at risk of committing the crimes. Children mostly learn all the things from the family and society which increased day by day with increasing age. Johan Casper Lavater believed that shape of the skull and other facial features impacted human to conduct criminal activities. Charles Goring developed a study that compared prisoners with member of the Royal Engineer of London and found no differences in facial features or skull size between the two groups. However, Goring did conclude that he prisoners tended to haveShow MoreRelatedThe Biological And Psychological Trait Theory851 Words   |  4 PagesThe Biological and Psychological Trait Theories are theories that are used to try and explain deviance. Biological Trait Theory stems from the Italian School of Criminology (mid-nineteenth century), head by criminologist Cesare Lombroso. Lombroso argued that criminality was a biological trait found in humans. Lombroso’s idea of atavism connected an individual’s appearance and their biological inclination to criminal activity. The Psychological Trait Theory focused on the mental aspects of explainingRead MoreClassical , Biological And Psychological Theories901 Words   |  4 Pages Early classical, biological and psychological theories have helped shape the burgeoning world of criminology. Many of the ideas they held were unique, however, some key principles are still in use by there modern counterparts. Classical psychological theories, focused on two main concepts; personality and behaviorism. Personality theories helped improve cognitive sciences and behaviorism called attention to social learning with a focus on behavioral conditioning. For example, Ivan Pavlov, a prominentRead MoreSocial, Biological And Psychological Theories1880 Words   |  8 Pagesnegatively influenced by the media and the way crime is portrayed. The cause of crime has been studied over decades ago and is continuing to be studied. Many researchers have had their theories and reasons as to why crime happens and what drives one to commit crime. Environmental, social, biological and psychological theories are all potential variables of why crime happens. Critics may argue that crime is caused by the way someone is raised and one becomes a product of their environment. Others may argueRead MoreThe Biological And Psychological Theories Of Crime And Criminal Behavior1764 Words   |  8 PagesCrime is adaptation to life stress. It is best understood in terms of the manner in which the individual experiences the biological, psychological and socially determined situations of his existence. (Halleck, 1967, p. 63) The modern police department was born out of urban mob violence that tormented the nation’s cities during the nineteenth century. The new police departments were replacements for the night-watch systems and relegated constables and sheriffs to serving court orders and running jailsRead MoreThere Is A Wide Array Of Theories About The Cause Of Crime1102 Words   |  5 PagesThere is a wide array of theories about the cause of crime ranging from predisposition to environmental factors. Research and development of these deli nquency theories have progressed and been categorized by biological, psychological, and sociological theories. A major biological theory is Richard Dugdale’s theory of inheritance. There are several psychological theories with two of them being intelligence theory and Sigmund Freud’s personality trait theory. Sociological theories includes Emilie Durkheim’sRead MoreThe Theory Of Body Types, And The Y Chromosome Theory1194 Words   |  5 Pagesto Sociology March 26, 2016 Deviance Many different theories exist regarding deviance. Biological, psychological, and sociological perspectives have applied their different thought processes to produce many theories. Some of these ideas have been discredited, however some remain significant today. Sociological theories differ from biological and psychological theories by looking at external factors rather than internal ones. Biological theories on deviance are the result of looking for answers thatRead MoreA Comparison of Biological and Psychological Explanations of Schizophrenia531 Words   |  3 PagesA Comparison of Biological and Psychological Explanations of Schizophrenia Both the biological and the psychological explanations of schizophrenia are supported by empirical evidence which justify their explanations. However ,within the biological explanation there is the genetic explanation which is used largely based on scientific research such as that of Gottesman’s research using meta-analysis which looked at the family (including twin) relationships and concordanceRead MoreClassical Theories Vs Psychological And Physical1712 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Anderton, Classical Theories vs Psychological and Physical Passivism 1 The Minority Report movie is about a dubious yet powerful Pre-Crime program that utilizes psychic visions to imprison potential killers before they have acted. The film brings up concerns with the blemishes and disappointments of equity and science against the background of wrongful conviction. The film also deals with mass imprisonment, DNA innovation, and preventive detainment of warehousing criminals on the guise of futureRead MoreTaking a Look at Biological Criminology1240 Words   |  5 PagesBiological criminology began many years ago along with the scientist Cesare Lombroso. He believed that criminals are born, not made. A â€Å"born criminal†, is a â€Å"defective individual†, whom has natural or instinctive tendencies towards low types of social life. (Biosocial and Psychological Theories, Feb. 11, 2014) Biological criminology believes criminals are genetically determined but face major shortcomings for being â€Å"simplistic, untestable, illogical, and often ideological† (Biosocial and PsychologicalRead MoreWhy do individuals commit crimes?1381 Words   |  6 PagesTHEORIES OF CRIME Uka 5 THEORIES OF CRIME Uka 6 Can I Have Some Theory With That Crime? Why do individuals commit crimes? Society today is very well concerned with this matter. In todays time, there are psychologists, criminologists, biologists, and sociologists searching for an answer. In reality, the answer to this question is very hard to find out. However, for centuries, researchers of all kinds have been persistent in analyzing criminals for an answer. The scholarly attention to crime from

Juvenile Justice Systems - 833 Words

Introduction Juvenile crime is a term around the world that is difficult to pinpoint and although there are several definitions many fail to be concrete. There are many factors that play into sentencing juveniles or minors upon a crime committed. How old are they? Can they mentally form criminal intent? Are they old enough to no longer be treated as children? Some people would argue that a criminal is just that, regardless of age. Research on the other hand shows that juveniles have underdeveloped brains who at times have difficulty rationalizing decisions and weighing out consequences. It is important that these issues are addressed because of the implications this has on not only the juveniles but the community around them. These†¦show more content†¦A study showed that the frontal lobe the largest part of the brain that controls the brains most advanced functions is the last part of the brain to develop. So even though they are perfectly able in other parts of the brain t heir lack of a developed frontal lobe can distort a juveniles decisions. (American Bar Association, 2003) This makes it difficult for juveniles to measure consequences beyond their actions in the moment. In a film about incarcerated Juveniles 14 year old Colt was convicted of killing his stepfather. He tells his story and what he was thinking before committing the act, â€Å"I didn’t think I would go to prison, I thought the worse they could give me was probation or boys camp, I didn’t realize that after the fact that every decision I make has consequences.† (Kent, 2011) Research in adolescent brains has shown us that they use their amygdala to make decisions. Amygdala is responsible for fear and anxiety making juveniles reliance on it quite dangerous. In male adolescent in particular we see an increase in testosterone which increases aggression and in females the increase of hormones causes depression anxiety causing irrational choices. (American Bar Associati on, 2003) Often the underlying issue behind juvenile delinquency is due to factors that they juvenile cannot control. Growing up in situations where there was substance abuse, being the victim of physical or sexual assault can triggerShow MoreRelatedJuvenile And Juvenile Justice System752 Words   |  4 PagesThe juvenile justice system and criminal justice system also known as the adult justice system is two different systems. The juvenile justice system is children who are under the age of 18 years old. After the age of 18, it is considered to be an adult it will enter through the adult justice system. There ate states that allows youth to stay in the juvenile justice system from age 18 until 21. The main differences between the juvenile justice system and criminal justice system is rehabilitation andRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System And Juveniles1663 Words   |  7 Pagescriminal justice system and juveniles, there have been many landmark cases that have made a significant i mpact on the juvenile justice system. The cases arise from dealing with certain aspects that comes from handling juveniles entering the system. Since juveniles are very different from adults they have to deal with them a certain way and a case by case basis. The court cases concerning juveniles and the decisions that have come from them is what has made what the juvenile justice system is todayRead MoreJuveniles And The Juvenile Justice System1559 Words   |  7 PagesJuveniles committing crimes is not a new issued being introduced to society; actually, it has been an issue for centuries. However, the big question is, should juveniles be tried in adult courts? Before answering, take into consideration every possible scenario that could have led them to commit the crime. For instance, were they the leader in the act? Did they participate in the crime? Was the juvenile even aware of what was taking place? Were they peer pressured? Did they have any other choiceRead MoreThe Juvenile J ustice System For Juveniles1397 Words   |  6 Pageswere treated the same as adult criminals. If you are a young person under the age of 18 and you commit a crime, you will have your case heard in the juvenile justice system. The thing is that, it hasn’t always gone that way. The idea of a separate justice system for juveniles is just over one hundred years old (American Bar). Where did juvenile justice come from? The law was in the image of the common law of England. William Blackstone, Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England, first publishedRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System1313 Words   |  6 Pages Today s concept of the juvenile justice system is relatively new due to significant modifications in policy overtime. The justice system has been trying to figure out effective ways to treat juvenile criminal offenders successfully for years. The justice system did not always have a special category for juveniles and their crime. Juveniles was once treated as adults when they committed crimes and were subjected to harsh punishments. The juvenile court was the culmination of efforts of the positivistRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System788 Words   |  3 Pages The juvenile justice system was founded with the goal to serve the best interests of the child, with an understanding that youth possessed different needs than adults. Over the course of our semester we have come across various research studies that proves that the adult system is not well equipped to house and rehabilitate the delinquents. These studies have shown that more juveniles that are transferred to the criminal justice system ends up back in the system, which means the recidivism rateRead MoreThe On The Juvenile Justice System Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pages I would request that Senator Perkins vote against the proposed amendments to the Juvenile Act. Part A Although public safety is both a legitimate and justifiable concern, the proposed changes to the purposes clause would go against the primary purpose of the juvenile justice system, rehabilitation and treatment as opposed to punishment. During the 19th century, the American legal system tended to treat juveniles who violated the criminal law much as it did adult offenders. Consequently, if courtsRead MoreJuvenile Justice And The Juvenile System4789 Words   |  20 PagesJuvenile Justice Consultant When thinking of reforming the juvenile justice system one has to think; what can we do to make this better for everyone involve? There are some programs that can be implemented when trying to make a change in the juvenile system. The main thing is getting parents or the guardian more involved in the child’s whereabouts. Secondly the community where the youth will have a place to go and have something more constructive to do to keep them out of trouble. Law enforcementRead MoreJuvenile Justice System856 Words   |  4 Pagesthe juveniles. A juvenile is someone who is at or below the upper age of the original jurisdiction in their resident state (Juvenile Justice, 2013). Juveniles due to age are not treated at the same level as adults; due to this we have Juvenile Justice. Juvenile justice was said to be considered all the way back to the early years from the English brought over to American culture from England (Juvenile Justice, 2013). Since then in America we have ha d 5 major periods in the Juvenile Justice systemRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System795 Words   |  4 Pagessentencing demonstrates initial success in reducing recidivism rates in national outcome studies. The goal of these diversion programs is to keep adolescents out of the juvenile justice system whenever possible (Lipsey, Howell, Kelly, Chapman, Carver, 2010). These diversion programs divert adolescents from entering the juvenile justice system and offer alternatives to formal disciplinary action (Chantoe Manton, 2014). Teen courts (also called Youth Courts) are a growing type of diversion program that

Implications Of X-Ray In Medical Field Applied Treatment Regimen

Question: Discuss About The Medical Field As Applied Treatment Regimen? Answer: Introduction The latest development in medical technology has placed patients in a position where diagnosis of medical conditions is far easier and accurate. One such diagnostic tool is X-ray that is highly useful for detecting complex medical conditions. It is however to be noted that unnecessary exposure to radiation can bring about harmful impacts to individuals. The present paper discusses the usefulness of X-ray as applied as a diagnostic tool for assessing conditions of the chest. Special attention is given to the diverse types of X-ray works and the strategies which could implemented for reducing the diverse effects of the radiation. The impacts of X-ray on human body, both adverse and common ones, make up a significant section of the paper. There exist several X-ray tests that can be carried out on a patient depending on the problem in question. Such X-ray range from abdominal x-rays and intraoral x-ray to chest x-rays among others (Cole et al., 2016). Chest x-ray is a type of imaging test that uses very minimal radiation amounts in the picture production of organs, bones or body tissues focused near the chest of the patient. Through this diagnosis test aids physicians in the identification of abnormalities, diseases of the blood vessels, heart, lungs and even bones (Resnick et al., 2014). Besides, these chest x-rays are used in the determination of presence of fluids in the lungs or even in the air that surrounds the lungs. Ionizing radiation is any type of electromagnetic or particle wave that carries enough energy to ionize or remove electrons from an atom (Neroladaki, et al., 2013). The radiation has sufficient energy that can remove electrons from their orbital shells which can either be present in the atomic or mo lecular orbital of the cells of the tissues which they penetrate (Cook et al., 1998). A common ionizing subatomic particle arising from radioactivity is made up ofalpha particles,beta particlesandneutrons. Almost all products of radioactive decay are ionizing due to the fact that the energy contained in the radioactive decay is typically much higher than what is required to carry out the ionization. When humans are exposed to ionization from x-ray radiation over a long period of time in sufficient quantities, the exposure can result into body tissues being damaged, and also a disruption of the cellular functions at the molecular level, all of which are conditions that cannot be corrected. The ionization effect on the deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] is of particular interest (Martin Sutton, 2015). There exist three interactions describing photon absorption in tissues: the first effect is known as the Campton effect (here a photon does collide with an electron not bonded to the atom, kno wn as free electrons), the second is known as the photoelectric effect {the process where an incoming proton undergoes collision with a tightly bound electron}, lastly is an interaction known as the pair production {in this process a pair production photons interacts with the nucleus of the atom. Through this they are able to create a pair of both positively and negatively charged electrons in the process. The positive electrons then ionize until it is able to combine with free electrons, hence generating two photons that do move irregularly in opposite directions}. Under the influence of electromagnetic radiation, there are changes brought about in the living organisms life structure [x rays or gamma rays] or the charged particles fluxes [beta radiation, protons and alpha particles] and neutrons (White et al., 1991). The initial effects of any type of radiation on biological objects start with the body absorbing energy during irradiation. This is then accompanied by molecule excitation and their ionization. There exist various principles that characterize the biological effects of ionizing radiation; for instance, there is the profound disturbance of human activities which are brought about by small energy quantities absorbed by the body. Thus, the energy absorbed is irradiated with a lethal dose upon heat conversion to energy, hence raising the body temperature by 0.001 degree Celsius (Morgan Sowa, 2015). Secondly the biological impacts of ionizing radiation are not limited to those particular organisms that are subjected to irradiation, as this kind of limitation may spread to the succeeding generations. This theory is explained in details by the effects on the hereditary apparatus of the organism (McDonald et al., 1996). The last theory talks about the slow observation made on the development of radiation sickness. The adverse effects of X-rays differ in every individual and are dependent upon the body conditions of the patients. In this context, some of the patients undergoing radiation therapies do not develop any contradictory signs at the very beginning. However as argued by Corne Kumaran (2015), a number of side effects may arise later along with the development of autoimmune disorders. Thus, of the some of the notable autoimmune disorders is Rheumatoid Arthritis. In this context, the immune system of the body fails to differentiate between its own cells and foreign tissues. This triggers the synthesis of macrophages, which have necrotic actions.However as commented by Hart et al. (2000), the autoimmune disorders are not always triggered by exposure to radiations. The response may also be elicited by a series of metabolic disorders in the human body. For example, presences of conditions such as diabetes result in tissue necrosis of the arms and legs due to excessive sugar deposition. After a chest x-ray has been done to a patient, the results are interpreted by a radiologist who analyzes the images and then sends the results to referring physicians who then interpret the results. These results are available almost immediately for review by the physicians. Patients are advised on the importance of the second test after the fast result is out. It is necessary for a patient to go for follow up examinations for detecting potential abnormality that can be highlighted through further evaluation through special imaging techniques (Corne Kumaran, 2015). However as commented by Adam et al (2014), the lack of sufficient support from the medical and health care professionals often hinder the success of the process. The second test is also necessary since any occurring change in the form of abnormality can be observed over time. Follow-ups are also important as it helps the physician to determine whether the finding is stable or changing over time and whether the treatment is working (Lowe et al. 1999.). However, as argued by Corne Kumaran (2015), the lack of motivation in the patients and lack of peer support often challenge meeting the health requirements through follow up. There are both benefits and risks of being exposed to chest x-rays. After the x-ray test is done, there are no traces of radiation remaining in the body of the individual; x-rays are not known to cause any side-effects to the individual in the typical diagnostic range; the x-ray imaging has been found not only to be fast but also easy (Adam et al., 2014). Modern x-ray systems, as compared to the old system, have implemented dose control method and helpful in minimizing the scattered radiation. However as commented by Adam et al. (2014), lack of sufficient infrastructure often prevent the patient from demanding required services. This then ensures that the patients body parts that are not being imaged always receive minimum exposure to radiation. There are limitations to in-chest radiography (Kessel Robertson, 2016). In the last few decades have witnessed increased application of technology in the medical sector. It has been found that chest x-ray is very useful besides having its disadvantages. This is because there are some chest conditions whose identification is not possible on a conventional chest x-ray image; hence the mentioned kind of examination is not able to rule out all chest problems. For instance, on a chest x-ray small traces of cancers are not shown. Also, pulmonary embolism a condition of a blood clot in the lungs is not visible in a chest x-ray (Richardson, 2017). According to medical research we see that X-rays interacts with tissues in two ways; photoelectric effect this is an interaction where the proton uses all of its energy in order to get rid of an electron from an atom, and the Compton scatter - here the photon hits an atom, hence ionizing the electron without using up its energy content. The photon then scatters un-uniformly with a little energy with the free electrons going about causing damage (Cotes et al., 1993). Though the contribution of X-rays in the medical field is undisputable, however, the Compton scattering is associated with a number of perils. In this context, the free radicals have been found to cause point mutations. Some of the point mutations can be lethal and may have adverse effects in the current or the upcoming generations. The point mutation could be regarded as an alteration in the normal base pairing of DNA leading to transition and tranversion effects. As argued by Cotes et al (1993), depending upon the immunity of the human body the SOS response might be failed resulting in the development of malignancy. The photons that are scattered then travels back towards the tube passing through the patient hitting the detector from any odd angle or scattering again with the patient. X-ray penetration has been found to be an exponentially decreasing function of thickness of the patients body part being tested. As the beam x-ray penetrates tissues, there is less energy since protons are absorbed. The photoelectric absorptions probability is roughly proportion to (Z/E)3, where Z is the atomic number of tissue atoms and E becomes the photon energy. As E gets larger in amount the interaction drops rapidly; as seen from the Beer-Lambert equation the protons amount going through an object does drop exponentially as illustrated in the middle of the panel simulation. Note that a particular number of protons are always needed in the production of the x-ray image. In case the x-ray is not able to penetrate the body due to blockage by any tissue, there is no generation of images. Instead, there will be a grey blob visible on the screen. In the soft tissues, the dominant elements namely are Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen that do have low K-edges in the range of Kev (Mettler, 2013). There is not a justified K-edge with a substantial change in attenuation as the elements do make a contribution to the photoelectric effects and the attenuation of low x-ray energies. The K-edge value for iodine is 30 Kev to 40 Kev, while that of barium is the same. This is found right in the centre of the x-rays beam spectrum. Absorption due to Compton scattering is not dependent of the x-ray energy, though Compton is dependent on the electron density. However, as compared by Paganetti (2014), in order to obtain low energy beams low kV needs to be used. Also, it should be ensured that there is no filtration taking place. Traditionally the production of low-kV x-rays was done by the use of molybdenum of tungsten anode. It is important to note that at the K-edge of a given material photo electric effects become accentuated. Linear energy transfer (LET) is the measurement of the ionization in which radiation causes per unit distance as it transverse a cell or a living tissue. Most of t he natural background radiation including medical x-rays are said to be low LET, while on the other hand alpha particles do pose high LET. Ionization radiation can seriously disrupt the cells chemistry, hence killing or either causing a permanent change to the cells (Paganetti, 2014). After the cells are damaged it is always difficult for the cell to repair. In the modern world of medicine, medical imagery has been seen to have undergone major advancements. Therefore, it has become possible and very easy for the technicians and other medical practitioners to achieve information regarding the human body. However, as argued by Mettler (2013), maintenance of the medical equipments often demands a greater amount of investment. In this respect, lack of sufficient knowledge often prevents in attaining the required standards of health and care services. The recognized methods used in medical imagery include the conventional x-ray, computed tomography, Magnetic Resonance Image (MIR) and mammography (Adam et al., 2014). The use of MRI possesses a number of health hazards such as a 1.5 T magnet generating a magnetic field 21,000 greater than the normal magnetic field produced due to the gravitation force of the Earth. As mentioned by Neroladaki et al. (2013), the magnitude of the magnetic field in huge to attract any paper, clips and other small objects present in the room. The application of the method comes with a huge number of medical disclaimers. Mathematical principles have assisted in the facilitation of treatment with x-ray radiations in the medical field, giving us both the effects and the advantages of the later. The increasing human demand is affecting our health standards with both the requirements and optimization of the radiation protection principles (Sherer et al., 2014). However, as argued by Wraith et al (1995), the increasing population puts a demand for the development of more effective medical intervention policies. A radiologic medical procedure that is justified should be supported by the national health authorities and the professional societies, for instance the recommendation on producing procedures for individuals who are at an increased risk of developing a particular health condition. The imaging referral guidelines are found to be helpful to health-care professionals for making informed decisions in the provision of providing clinical decision-making tools emerging from evidence based criteria (Wraith, et al., 1995). Always, a justification for an examination should depend on the professional evaluation of comprehensive patient information which includes; imaging taken in prior, the clinical history that is regarded to be relevant, laboratory, and treatment information among others. Ultrasonography or MRI (radiofrequency and electromagnetic waves) are preferred especially to the pregnant mothers and the children, whenever available (Fletcher et al., 1986). Conclusion and further analysis In this respect, the medical practitioners in the application of the radiation guidelines and principles face a number of ethical challenges. The practicing radiologists often have to encounter a moral dilemma regarding the applicability of the radiation guidelines. This is because providing effective treatment in severe and lethal conditions such as Cancer calls for sophisticated scanning and imaging processes. Most of which are dependent in the application of hard x-rays or other imaging process. As argued by Chapple et al (1994), the same might generate free radicals in the human body, which shows severe oxygen scavenging properties. The activity of the free radicals is however debatable, though they have been seen to prevent abnormal tissue growth I the body. On the contrary, as argued upon White et al. (1991), some of the activities of the free radicals are expressed in the form of additional health symptoms such as fatigue, weakness and lowered immunity. The most frequently done diagnostic X-ray examinations include radiographs of the chest and the abdomen. These tests are commonly considered in neonatal intensive care units. The images that are generated are obtained as two different exposures; one of abdomen of the patient and one of chest. They can also be obtained as a single exposure in order to include both anatomical regions on one film. Observed variations the medical field size does give various uncertainties in DAP and hence the effective doses estimated from it. Hence there are no significant differences in effective dose observed between the radiographic techniques. Infants, who are born prematurely with a gestational age of as low as 23 weeks, do survive due to the continual advancements witnessed in neonatal intensive care practices (Faulkner et al., 1989). According to the information given by the international journal of radiology, radiation oncology and all related science, some infants might require various radiographic examinations throughout their neonatal care, however the radiation exposure to an individuals life for 10 years in life might have an attribute to that particular individuals lifetime risk that are three times or four times greater than that after the age of 30. Besides, due to the fact that long life expectancy of children, as compared to adults, tends to have a greater period for the potential expression for the delayed effects of radiation, the methods of reducing radiation dose to the young children for a diagnostic radiography are of paramount importance (Chapple et al., 1994). For a single child, both chest and abdominal radiographs are to be requested simultaneously, for example in order to localize an umbilical artery. Besides, the findings of a small survey that was conducted at the outset of the study revea led that there was no general agreement between different hospitals as whether these images should be obtained as two separate exposures or as a single exposure including both anatomical regions on one film. Consideration was given to the use of thermoluminescent dosimeters to record entrance surface dose (ESD) (Quality criteria for diagnostic radiographic images in paediatric, 1992). According to physicians, "medical exposure is justified through the weighing of the expected diagnostic or the therapeutic benefits found to be against the potential radiation detriment. Hence the procedure is judged in doing more good than bad." The justification principles do apply to the three medicine levels (ICRP, 2007a) as described below. What lay at the primitive level is how proper radiation used in health sector has been approved to be causing more harm than good. At the secondary level there is a specific procedure justified for a certain patient population showing relevant symptoms or even a group of individuals at a clinical conditions risk for a clinical condition is that its able not only to be detected but also to be treated. Also on the third level, a justification for the application of a specified procedure to an individual patient is provided in case a particular application is judged to do more good to an individual as compared to the harm caused (Mettler, 2013)F rom the above discussion it can be concluded that chest X-ray in a noninvasive medical diagnostic tool effective in identifying different conditions. This form of radiology technique uses ionizing radiation in small amounts. This method is easy and fast, making it the priority when an assessment is to be done. The exposure to ionization radiation has drawn much attention of researchers in relation to the harmful impacts it has on the patient, such as deformation of nervous systems and others. Among the risks that a patient might experience are the existence of a minor chance of developing cancer due to unnecessary exposure to radiations. This is particularly noticed in the case of pregnant women where the physicians should apply necessary amendment strategies in order to protect the fetus from the harmful effect of the radiations. In this regard, adoption of a patient centered approach would help in meeting the required safety standards. Thus, adopting such strategies would help in ensuring that an interactive interface is established between the patient and the proactive care team. A number of precautionary methods need to be considered while using the radiation technology. With advent of future research, new milestones would surely be achieved in this section of radiology. 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Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) values for proton beam therapy. Variations as a function of biological endpoint, dose, and linear energy transfer.Physics in medicine and biology,59(22), R419. Resnick, S., Inaba, K., Karamanos, E., Skiada, D., Dollahite, J. A., Okoye, O., ... Demetriades, D. (2017). Clinical relevance of the routine daily chest X-Ray in the surgical intensive care unit.The American Journal of Surgery,214(1), 19-23. Richardson, R. R. (2017). Imaging Modalities: Advantages and Disadvantages. InAtlas of Acquired Cardiovascular Disease Imaging in Children(pp. 1-4). Springer International Publishing. Sherer, M. A. S., Visconti, P. J., Ritenour, E. R., Haynes, K. (2014).Radiation Protection in Medical Radiography-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. White, D. R., Widdowson, E. M., Woodard, H. Q., Dickerson, J. W. T. (1991). The composition of body tissues.(II) Fetus to young adult.The British journal of radiology,64(758), 149-159. Wraith, C. M., Martin, C. J., Stockdale, E. J. N., McDonald, S., Farquhar, B. (1995). An investigation into techniques for reducing doses from neo-natal radiographic examinations.The British journal of radiology,68(814), 1074-1082.